L. S. Vasiliev. Ethics and ritual in traditional China (№ 451747)

Confucian ethical and ritual norms and values became indisputably obligatory for all members of society, from the emperor to the commoner. Extremely stable standards of behavior and speech, clearly fixed rites and ceremonies were adopted by the Confucian scholar-official, and the Buddhist monk, and the itinerant merchant, and the settled peasant or artisan.