Author of quotes: Evald Vasilyevich Ilyenkov
The fact is that the highest law of market relations is the exchange of equivalents - equal values. If I have an item worth five rubles, I can exchange it for other goods, which also cost five rubles. I can’t exchange five purchases and sales of five rubles and twenty rubles through exchange (unless, of course, speculation and deceit are excluded). But how then is profit, surplus value, capital possible? His law is constant "self-growth." And from here the question arises: “Our owner of the money, which is still just the larva of the capitalist, must buy goods at their cost, sell them at their value and still extract, in the end, more value from this process than he invested in him. Its transformation into a butterfly, into a true capitalist, should take place in the sphere of circulation and at the same time not in the sphere of circulation. Hic Rhodhus, hіс salta! (Here is Rhodes, jump here!). So how, without any deception, that is, without any violation of the higher law of the commodity world, suddenly “capital” appears? A phenomenon whose characteristics are directly contrary to the law of exchange of equivalents? The task is set clearly and clearly. Its solution, Marx continues, is possible only on condition that our "owner of money" is "lucky enough to open within the sphere of circulation, that is, on the market, such a product whose use value itself would have the original property of being a source of value - such a product, whose actual consumption would be a process of reification of labor, therefore, a process of creating value . Such a product, the consumption of which would be a creation! A thing as if impossible, "unthinkable" - because "logically contradictory." But if the owner of the money nevertheless turned into a capitalist, then this means that he nevertheless solved the insoluble problem from the point of view of the supreme law of the commodity world. He exchanged the penny in the most honest way for a penny - never blowing anyone - and still got the ruble ... And this means that he still found and bought on the market an incredibly wonderful item, goods, - cost, consumption (destruction) of which is identical to the production (creation) of value ... And the theoretician, in order to resolve the theoretical (logical) contradiction, can only trace - where did he manage to buy such a super-original product with which the unthinkable becomes “conceivable”? And what kind of a magical object is it, carrying out the unthinkable without any violation of the strict law of the commodity world? The author of Capital followed him and saw: “the owner of the money finds such a specific product on the market; it is the ability to work, or labor. This is the only product on the market with the help of which a solution to the contradiction that cannot be resolved by any terminological tricks can be achieved. This is the only subject that strictly obeys all the laws of “goods”, strictly fits all theoretical definitions of “goods”, “value” (under the very definitions and laws from the point of view of which the birth of capital is an “illegal” act, even illegal) , and at the same time - in strict accordance with the law - giving birth to this "illegal" offspring - surplus value, capital, that is, a phenomenon directly contrary to the laws of the commodity world.
№ 284804 Added
MegaMozg 26-04-2017 / 13:13
For a man the same appearance of contradiction is a signal to activate "thinking" and not hysteria. It must be educated from childhood, from the first steps of human movement science. This is the only key to transformation "didactics" on the basis of dialectical materialism, on the basis of dialectics as the logic and theory of knowledge of materialism. Otherwise, all the talk about this "transformation" will remain innocent wish, an empty phrase. For the "core" of dialectics, without which no dialectic there is just "contradiction" - the "motor", "driving force" of the developing thinking.
№ 284410 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:33
I can say that the school must teach the student "definite" and "firmly established the foundations" of modern science, not to sow in the immature brain of the doubts, contradictions and skepticism. True. But we should not forget that all of these "firmly established the foundations" are nothing like the results of a difficult search, nothing like a hard-won answers to when it embarked (and still understandable) issues - not that other, as resolved contradiction.
And not "absolute truths" that fell from the sky into the heads of geniuses; roasted grouse someone had to catch and fry. And this - and not swallowing the chewed other people's teeth the pulp - should be taught in science. From the very first step. Because then it will be too late.
"The naked result without a path leading to it is dead", the dead bones, the skeleton of truth, incapable of independent movement - as famously said in his "phenomenology of spirit" the great dialectician Hegel. Ready verbal terminology fixed scientific truth, detached from the way in which it was gained, turns into a verbal peel, while retaining all the outward signs of "truth." And then enough of the living dead, does not allow him to go forward in science, in the way of truth. Dead truth becomes the enemy of truth living, growing. So it turns out dogmatically-the ossified intelligence, as measured on final exams with "five" and life - to a "d" or even lower.
№ 284374 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:25
Once in the laboratory I. P. Pavlov made a dog very unpleasant (for the dog, of course) experiment.
She carefully formed and practiced positive sljunootdelitelnye reflex on the circle and negative on the image of the ellipse. The dog clearly distinguished between these two "different" shapes. Then one day the circle began to turn in her field of vision so that he is gradually "transformed" in the ellipse. The dog began to worry and at some point broke into a hysterical state. Two strictly exhaust the conditioned-reflex mechanism, directly opposite in its action, joined together and faced to the conflict, the "mistake", in antinomies. For the dog it was unbearable: the moment of transformation "And" in "not? And" - the moment in which the "identity of opposites", - is precisely the moment in which sharply and clearly revealed a fundamental difference between human thinking from reflective activities of the animal.
Pet (as well as the mind, devoid of a genuine "logic" of the culture) in this paragraph breaks down into a tantrum, starts to fuss and is captured by random circumstances.
For a truly cultural in the logical sense of mind is the appearance of a contradiction is the signal of the appearance of [18] problems, unsolvable by strictly intellectual clichéd action - signal to activate "thinking" independent consideration "things" in the expression is encountered the antinomy.
Therefore, the "mind" from the very beginning it is necessary to educate so that "contradiction" was for him not a reason for hysteria and a push for independent work, independent consideration of the thing itself, not just the fact that things said to other people...
№ 284372 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:25
But every valid question that grows out of the grounds of life and unsolvable with the help of already established, familiar and clichéd routine methods, formulated always for consciousness as a formally insoluble contradiction.
But more accurately - as "logical" contradiction, insoluble purely logical means - that is, next to purely mechanical, machineoperating operations on previously memorized "concepts" (or more precisely - on the "terms").
Philosophy long ago figured out that the real "question" to be addressed only through further investigation of the facts, always looks like a "logical contradiction", as "paradox".
So exactly where in the structure of knowledge suddenly appears a "contradiction" (some say so, others that way) and only occurs, in fact, the need to investigate the object itself. This is an indicator that the knowledge enshrined in the common provisions are too General, vague, one-sided.
The mind, accustomed to act to stamp a recipe for "standard solutions" and are lost where it is required an independent (creative) solution, it therefore "does not like" contradictions. He tries to crawl to cover, turning again and again trampled, routine track. And when he eventually fails, when the "contradiction" stubbornly recurs again and again, such "intelligence" breaks down in a tantrum - exactly where you need to "think".
That is why the attitude to contradiction and is a very accurate measure of the culture of the mind. Even, in fact, an indicator of its presence.
№ 284366 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:24
It is necessary to organize the process of learning, the process of assimilation of the intellectual culture as it is organized by thousands of years the best teacher - life. Namely, so that in this process, the child was forced to train not only (and even not so much) "memory" as the ability to solve tasks that require thinking in private and strict sense of the word - "power of judgement", the ability to decide this case under the previously learned "rules" or not, and if not - then how can it be?
№ 284362 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:23
To cripple the organ of thought is much easier than any other organ of the human body, and healing is very difficult. And later, is quite impossible. Maim - just - system "unnatural" "exercises". And one of the most "correct" way to do this mutilation of the brain and the intellect is the formal learning of knowledge. This made the "stupid" people, i.e. people with atrophied sense of judgment. People who are not able to correctly relate that they have assimilated General knowledge with reality, because the fact of the matter is getting trapped.
"Cramming", supported by endless "repetition" (which should be called not mother, but rather the stepmother of learning), cripples the brain and the intellect rather than, paradoxically, fairer and smarter by themselves, digest the truth. The fact that foolish and absurd idea out of my head of a child quickly erode his own experience; the collision of these ideas with the facts will cause him to doubt, to compare, to ask "why?" and generally "loaf". "Absolute" truth is never such a reason will not provide. Absolutes of any kind is generally contraindicated for any "wiggling" - they are stationary and only crave more and more "evidence" of their infallibility. So jagged without an understanding of "absolute truth" and becomes for the brain something like a rail for trains, some sort of shore for hardworking horses. The brain gets used to move only the beaten (other brains) tracks. All that lies to the right and to the left of them, it is not interested. For the rest it just does not pay the attention as "irrelevant" and "uninteresting". It meant a great German writer B. Brecht, saying that "the person that two and two make four, of course, will never become a great mathematician"...
№ 284355 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:22
Mind, the ability to think independently, developed and refined in the course of individual development of the intellectual culture of the era. He, in fact, is not that other, as this is the mental culture, transformed into private property, in personal property, in the principle of personality. In the "mind" is nothing but that. This individualized spiritual wealth of society - to speak in lofty philosophical language.
And that, put simply, means that the mind ("talent", "ability", etc.) is a natural status of a person - the norm, not the exception. The normal result of the development of normal biologic brain in a normal human conditions.
On the other hand, the "stupid" people - person with a fatal flaw "of judgment" - is primarily a disfigured man, a man with a crippled brain. And this "scaletest" the authority of thinking is always the consequence of "abnormal", "unnatural" (from the point of view the true criteria of human culture) conditions - the result of a grossly violent "educational" effects on this delicate (especially at an early age) body.
№ 284354 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:22
The idea of "innate" of "natural" origin of the ability (or "inability") to think is only the curtain that hides from mentally lazy of the teacher, those valid (very complex and individually varying) circumstances and conditions that actually awaken and form the "mind", the ability "to think independently". This view is usually only justifies their own lack of understanding of these conditions, you lazy reluctance to delve into them and take on the difficult work of their organization. Blame it on "nature" your own laziness - and a clear conscience, and the scientific view are met.
Theoretically, this position is illiterate and morally vile, for it is extremely antidemocratic. With the Marxist-Leninist understanding of the problem "thinking" she does not fit, as with the Communist attitude to the person. By nature all are equal in the sense that ninety-nine percent of people are born to this world with a biologically normal brain, in principle, able little bit easier or a little harder is to learn all the "capabilities" developed by their predecessors. And the sins of society, allocating still his "gifts" are not as fair and democratic as "nature", we are not to blame that nature. It is necessary to open each person access conditions of human development. Including to the conditions of the development of the ability "to think independently" - one of the main components of human culture. It is required to do school. The mind is not a "natural" gift. This is a gift of society to man. The gift, which he, by the way, pay then handsomely - most "profitable" from the point of view of a developed society "investment".
№ 284353 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:22
The presence of "absolute" mechanical memory - not an advantage and, conversely, the inferiority in relation to one of the most important and the dodgy mechanisms of our brain, our psyche. This is the mechanism that actively "forgets" everything that directly to the implementation of higher mental functions, everything that is not related to the logical flow of our thoughts. Useless, not associated with active mental activity, the brain tries to "forget" to plunge to the bottom of the subconscious to leave the mind free and ready for higher activities...
This "natural" mechanism of the brain, guarding the higher departments of a bark of aggression, from the flood of chaotic mass of incoherent information, and destroys and cripples "cramming." The brain is violently forced to "remember" all the things that he actively tries to "forget" to lock under the lock so that it doesn't hurt to "think". It "hammered", slamina his stubborn resistance, raw, unprocessed and undigested (thinking) material.
Wonderfully delicate mechanisms that nature created, thus, deteriorate, iskaiciuota barbaric-rough intervention. And many years later some wise educator blame on "nature"...
№ 284350 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:22
The subject could once remember a list of a hundred, two hundred, a thousand words and play it in any order and after any time. After demonstrating this amazing ability he was asked an innocent question: I cannot remember if he was among seared in his memory the words of one, and that - the name is highly contagious disease of three letters? Stalled. Then the experimenter asked for help to the audience. And it turned out that dozens of "normal" people remember that which does not "remember" the man with the "absolute memory". The list dropped the word "typhus", and dozens of people with "conventional" memory is a word - completely involuntary - memory recorded... "Normal" memory "hid" is a word in the dark closet, "in reserve", just like all the other nine hundred and ninety-nine words. But the highest divisions of the cortex, responsible for "thinking," remained "free" for its special work - including for targeted "memories" in the ways of logical connection.
№ 284347 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:21
As proved by numerous experiments, the "memory" of a person generally keeps the dealt card owner throughout his life. However, some knowledge is stored in the brain, so to speak, in an active state at hand, and always when I need to be with an effort of will caused on the light of consciousness. This is knowledge that is closely related to active is sensual-subject activity of the person. This "active" memory is reminiscent of a well-organized workplace - a person takes here the desired object, the tool, the material is not looking, is not "remembering" specifically, what muscles need to move. Another thing - the knowledge assimilated by the brain without any connection with its primary activity - so to speak, "in reserve". French psychologists, for example, by the special influences on the brain old illiterate woman made her hours to recite ancient Greek poetry, neither the content nor the meaning of which she did not understand and "remember" only because once, many years ago, a diligent high-school student memorized these verses in it, and the worker-Mason "remembered" and just drew on the paper bizarre twists of cracks in the wall, which he once had to repair.... To "remember" such things, a person has to make an agonizing effort, and do it very rarely and with difficulty. The fact that a huge mass of unnecessary, useless and "not working" information to the brain plunges into a special "dark storage", below the threshold of consciousness. They kept everything a person saw or heard at least once. Special - abnormal - cases, all the trash accumulated in these storerooms for many years, floats on the surface of the higher parts of the cerebral cortex, the light of consciousness. One recalls then suddenly a lot of little things, seemingly, for a long time and finally forgotten. But this happens precisely when the brain is in a stagnant state, often in a state of hypnotic sleep, as in the experiments of the French psychologists. The fact that "oblivion" is not a disadvantage. Just the opposite - "forgetting" a wise exercise of the special mechanisms of the brain guarding the body of thinking (departments the activity of the brain) from flooding unnecessary "information". It is a natural "protective" reaction crust from the senseless and stupid overload. If at one point the strong castles of forgetfulness were torn from the dark storerooms of the memory, all accumulated debris rushed in the higher departments of a bark, and would have made her incapable of "thinking" - to the selection, mapping, inference and "judgment".
№ 284345 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:21
Everyone knows how painful tolerate any living child this grossly violent operation on his brain - "memorization" and "vdalblivanie". The invention of these poetic and expressive terms adults could inspire only a very unpleasant childhood memories. The child is not by chance, not a whim, is experiencing a "vdalblivanie" as violence. The fact that nature has constructed our brain is so well and cleverly that he does not need "reps", in a special "learn", when dealing with something directly for him, "clear", "interesting" and "necessary". So you have to grind only what the person is unclear, uninteresting and don't need something that finds no echo and the equivalent in his direct life experience and does it not "imply".
№ 284344 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:21
The idea of "innate" of "natural" origin of the ability (or "inability") to think is only the curtain that hides from mentally lazy of the teacher, those valid (very complex and individually varying) circumstances and conditions that actually awaken and form the "mind", the ability "to think independently". This view is usually only justifies their own lack of understanding of these conditions, you lazy reluctance to delve into them and take on the difficult work of their organization. Blame it on "nature" your own laziness - and a clear conscience, and the scientific view are met.
Theoretically, this position is illiterate and morally vile, for it is extremely antidemocratic. With the Marxist-Leninist understanding of the problem "thinking" she does not fit, as with the Communist attitude to the person. By nature all are equal in the sense that ninety-nine percent of people are born to this world with a biologically normal brain, in principle, able little bit easier or a little harder is to learn all the "capabilities" developed by their predecessors. And the sins of society, allocating still his "gifts" are not as fair and democratic as "nature", we are not to blame that nature. It is necessary to open each person access conditions of human development. Including to the conditions of the development of the ability "to think independently" - one of the main components of human culture. It is required to do school. The mind is not a "natural" gift. This is a gift of society to man. The gift, which he, by the way, pay then handsomely - most "profitable" from the point of view of a developed society "investment". Cleverly-organized - that is, Communist society can only consist of smart people. And at no time forget that it is the people of the Communist future sit at desks in schools today.
№ 284342 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:20
Nature, it is obliged only to the brain - the organ of thought. The ability to think with this brain not only "develops" (in the sense of "perfected"), but occurs for the first time only with the inclusion of a person to social-human culture, to knowledge. The same, however, as the ability to walk on two legs, which man is "by nature" also is not. It's the same "skill" as all other human abilities. However, if you use their hind limbs for bipedal locomotion of a child teaches a mother to use the brain for thinking is able to teach and not every professional is a teacher. But smart enough and careful mother does, as a rule, much better than another teacher. She never give up on difficult concerns associated with the education of the "mind" of a little man under that easy for the mentally lazy "educator" with the excuse that the child "from nature, from the birth of the" unable to...
№ 284341 Added
MegaMozg 24-04-2017 / 19:20
