Book: History of philosophy. Page 3

Marxist philosophy consists of two interrelated parts: dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Matter (nature) is primary, and human consciousness is secondary, it is a property of highly organized matter. Matter is eternal, uncreated and indestructible; its most important properties are movement, change, and development. There are a number of forms of movement (mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, social) that reflect the general course of the evolution of matter.

Mach abandons Newton's concepts of absolute space and time, and Newton's interpretation of motion. Instead, he proposes his own principle

Comte called his doctrine of society sociology, being the first to introduce this term into scientific circulation.

Positivism is a general cultural attitude of Western European consciousness, formed in modern times. The peculiarity of this attitude is the focus of our consciousness on the positive reality surrounding us, the earthly real world in which we live, and not on the other world, which was considered the highest reality in previous eras.

Mathematization and differentiation of sciences contributed to the fact that each narrow scientific discipline became increasingly closed and incomprehensible to everyone who did not specialize in this field (in particular, for philosophers in the humanities).

The inevitability of the observer and the means of observation of their physical picture of the world, as well as the complexity of the formation of concepts in the mind of the observer, transform any picture of the world into a deliberately subjective one, that is, a picture of the world seen

It is meaningless to measure the distance between stars in meters and even kilometers; the unit of measurement used here is the light year, i.e. the distance that light travels in an earthly year. Similarly for the microcosm: the size and mass of molecules, atoms, and elementary particles also require special units of measurement.

In man there are conscious and unconscious principles, freedom and necessity, good and evil. Having discovered these two principles in ourselves, we begin to build our personality consciously: developing all the best in ourselves and expelling all the dark from ourselves, thereby approaching the Divine personality.

The best works of human art are created according to the same laws as the works of cosmic forces, i.e. Nature. Philosophy, as a special type of intellectual activity, is accessible to a few, and art is open to any consciousness. Therefore, it is through art that all humanity can achieve the highest truth.

Man turns out to be the highest goal of the development of Nature, for it is through human consciousness that she knows herself.

Every person is endowed with freedom, but living among others, he must limit his freedom, recognizing the freedom of others; thus law is born.

To be free means to make yourself free. Freedom is the activity of recognizing necessity.

To be free is a natural human right. In the process of development of human society, some people are enslaved by others (taking away their freedom). The purpose of fair legislation is to achieve maximum freedom for all citizens.

For any student of consciousness, the first and most obvious object of study is his personal, individual, experiential self. But besides my consciousness, there are also consciousnesses (selves) of other people. So my self is included in the many human selves.