Character: on behalf of the author. Page 2

One of the most important ideas of the humanists was that a person should be assessed not by his nobility and wealth, not by the merits of his ancestors, but only by what he himself has achieved.

Humanism is a special phenomenon in the spiritual life of the Renaissance. The focus of humanists is on man, but not as a vessel

According to the views of pantheists, there is no nature outside of God, but there is no God outside of nature. One can distinguish between materialistic and idealistic pantheism. The idealist believed that nature dissolves in God, and the materialist believed that God dissolves in nature. Representatives of materialistic pantheism are Giordano Bruno and Tommaso Campanella.

Now the Indian looked like an animal hiding in a thicket. Nature spoke to him: in the rustle of grass, in the blow of the wind, in the roll call of birds - in everything he looked for answers.

Already in the first centuries of the existence of Christianity and theology, two main positions began to take shape: some theologians believed that one should simply believe and not even try to understand God, because the human mind is in principle incapable of this, others believed that the main goal of any believer is to get as close as possible to to understanding God. And since the world is the creation of God, then by comprehending this world, we thereby comprehend the Creator.

According to Marsilius of Padua, the church should be separated from the state, like reason from faith, and the church should be subordinate to the state. But secular power also deprives Marsilius of its divine

Based on the Gospel of John, which begins with B

In Eckhart's teachings, the central idea is the unity of man and God, the natural and supernatural worlds. The world exists because God has the idea of creation and the will to create. God is also the unity of being and knowledge. God is an intellect whose existence consists in knowing itself.

Drink and be filled.

Abelard considered doubt to be the starting point of any research, and the scientist’s job is to, following the path of reason, move from doubt to truth. This is possible only with the consistent and correct application of dialectics (logic). The dialectical mind is a questioning mind, in constant search, questioning even the statements of Holy Scripture, but with the goal of understanding it more deeply.

The capture of Rome in 476, considered the beginning of the Middle Ages, was for Europe only one of the episodes of the Great Migration of Peoples, which took place in the 5th-8th centuries. This period was called the dark period in history.

Features of Byzantine philosophy: almost complete immersion in religious issues: philosophical ideas and methods are used almost exclusively to discuss theological problems; the unconditional primacy of faith over reason: the authority of Holy Scripture and Holy Tradition is placed much higher than the authority of science.

Realizing the detrimental nature of theological conflicts for the life of the empire, the authorities pursued a policy of developing a unified ideology, which did not at all contribute to the free development of philosophical teachings and rational methods of research.

The transformation of Christianity into the state religion led to the use of political and forceful methods to combat paganism: by order of the authorities, not only pagan temples were closed and pagan beliefs were banned, but also pagan philosophical schools began to be closed. Within the framework of various philosophical teachings, the most consistent criticism of Christianity was carried out at the theoretical level; philosophical teachings and methods served as the basis for the emergence of many different movements in Christian theology, which were later recognized as heretical.