Character: on behalf of the author

Features of Byzantine philosophy: almost complete immersion in religious issues: philosophical ideas and methods are used almost exclusively to discuss theological problems; the unconditional primacy of faith over reason: the authority of Holy Scripture and Holy Tradition is placed much higher than the authority of science.

Realizing the detrimental nature of theological conflicts for the life of the empire, the authorities pursued a policy of developing a unified ideology, which did not at all contribute to the free development of philosophical teachings and rational methods of research.

The transformation of Christianity into the state religion led to the use of political and forceful methods to combat paganism: by order of the authorities, not only pagan temples were closed and pagan beliefs were banned, but also pagan philosophical schools began to be closed. Within the framework of various philosophical teachings, the most consistent criticism of Christianity was carried out at the theoretical level; philosophical teachings and methods served as the basis for the emergence of many different movements in Christian theology, which were later recognized as heretical.

Ibn Sina understands divine activity as God's thinking about himself. Nature, which arose as a result of successive emanations, further develops independently (thus Ibn Sina opposes the idea of fatalism and divine predestination)

Al-Ashari and his followers categorically denied the eternity of the world and the presence of objective laws in it. The world was created by Allah, moreover, every moment Allah influences the world. that is, every event occurring in the world is the result of a separate creative act of God. Al-Ashari denied the existence of cause-and-effect relationships in the world and allowed only the existence of habits implanted by God in nature.

What medieval philosophy has in common in all regions is its close connection with theology. Philosophy most often acted as a rational basis for theology (servant

Since, in accordance with Christian doctrine, the main goal of human life is to gain heavenly bliss, the most important place in Christian theology and philosophy was occupied by the doctrine of salvation, i.e., about the ways of finding heavenly bliss and getting closer to God.

Christianity arose in the 1st century AD. e. in the eastern province of the Roman Empire - Palestine, and in the II-III centuries. spread widely throughout the empire and even beyond its borders. Since Christianity proclaimed that there is only one true God, all Roman gods were understood in Christianity as false gods or even demons.

The Cynics did not deny the existence of the gods, but they believed that there was no need to ask them for anything. so as not to lose your independence.

Cynics encourage the individual to rely only on himself, considering this the only way to gain the highest value, spiritual freedom, independence from the world and other people. They despised nobility and wealth, considering the latter immoral.

But I am drowning in the darkness of my sinful soul.

The ultimate goal of human life is happiness. Happiness is understood as living according to nature, and only such a life is virtuous. The ideal of the Stoics is the sage who has achieved virtue and dispassion. voluntarily following fate, whose life and state of mind do not depend on external circumstances.

Considering all the philosophy that preceded him, Pyrrho quite rightly points out that different sages explained the origin and essence of the world in different ways and it is impossible to prefer one point of view over another. Every thing is this no more than that.