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Al-Ashari and his followers categorically denied the eternity of the world and the presence of objective laws in it. The world was created by Allah, moreover, every moment Allah influences the world. that is, every event occurring in the world is the result of a separate creative act of God. Al-Ashari denied the existence of cause-and-effect relationships in the world and allowed only the existence of habits implanted by God in nature.

What medieval philosophy has in common in all regions is its close connection with theology. Philosophy most often acted as a rational basis for theology (servant

Since, in accordance with Christian doctrine, the main goal of human life is to gain heavenly bliss, the most important place in Christian theology and philosophy was occupied by the doctrine of salvation, i.e., about the ways of finding heavenly bliss and getting closer to God.

Christianity arose in the 1st century AD. e. in the eastern province of the Roman Empire - Palestine, and in the II-III centuries. spread widely throughout the empire and even beyond its borders. Since Christianity proclaimed that there is only one true God, all Roman gods were understood in Christianity as false gods or even demons.

The Cynics did not deny the existence of the gods, but they believed that there was no need to ask them for anything. so as not to lose your independence.

Cynics encourage the individual to rely only on himself, considering this the only way to gain the highest value, spiritual freedom, independence from the world and other people. They despised nobility and wealth, considering the latter immoral.

But I am drowning in the darkness of my sinful soul.

The ultimate goal of human life is happiness. Happiness is understood as living according to nature, and only such a life is virtuous. The ideal of the Stoics is the sage who has achieved virtue and dispassion. voluntarily following fate, whose life and state of mind do not depend on external circumstances.

Considering all the philosophy that preceded him, Pyrrho quite rightly points out that different sages explained the origin and essence of the world in different ways and it is impossible to prefer one point of view over another. Every thing is this no more than that.

Skepticism is a philosophical direction where doubt turns out to be a universal philosophical principle, that is, the idea of the unreliability of all knowledge is consistently pursued.

The ethical problem occupied a central place in most philosophical teachings of the Hellenistic era. The goal of philosophy was most often understood as achieving happiness, which is possible only with proper behavior. However, the question of how a person should behave can only be resolved by understanding what people are and what place they occupy in the universe (cosmos), therefore the analysis of ethical problems is inextricably linked with the teachings of nature.

Aristotle is the founder of European (classical) logic. He identified and formulated three laws of correct thinking: the law of identity, the law of the excluded middle and the law of preventing contradiction. He also owns the definition of truth and lies (which have become generally accepted in European culture).

The sophists believed that the objective world is unknowable; they believed that everyone has their own truth and depends on conditions, time and place. Therefore, an objective truth common to everyone is impossible. There is no objective criterion of good and evil: what is beneficial for someone is good for him: Disease

Sophists are paid teachers